768 THOMAS F. TORRANCE
….. tems have been taking firm shape beneath the decay of the old and are already beginning to break through the surface, although as yet they may not be generally recognized. What I would like to do now, is to draw attention to several of these exciting features which seem to me to indicate the shape of change and advance in the years ahead, in the hope that the identification and considera¬tion of them in this way will contribute to the constructive reorien¬tation we need.
It is particularly exciting to find that at last in the develop¬ment of modem theology, as in the scientific revolution, a reinte¬gration of structure and substance has been taking place, but a rather different kind of structure and substance than that which obtained in the Augustinian-Aristotelian or the Augustinian-¬Newtonian eras of western theology. The latest evidence for this is to be seen in Professor D. M. Mackinnon’s outstanding contribu¬tion on ‘substance’ in Christology in the recent volume of Cam¬bridge studies in Christology.4 In the scientific revolution, replac¬ing the old mechanistic structure and the discarded ‘metaphysical’ notion of substance, we have dynamic field-structure and the con¬tinuous substance of fused matter and energy, together constituting the indivisible reality of space-time. It is something quite parallel and of course on a different level, that we find struggling to emerge in theology, with the dynamic form and persistent being of a space-time universe in continuous interaction with the living God, the Creator and Redeemer. This is nowhere more evident than in the doctrine of God itself, in which we are learning to think together the being of God in his acts, and the acts of God in his being. The significance of that can be seen if we glance at the respective problems of theology in the Augustinian-Aristotelian and Augustinian-Newtonian eras. The high Patristic conception of the being of God in his acts tended to suffer severe refraction within mediaeval dualism which led on the one hand to a rather abstract and static concept of God’s being and on the other hand to a diminished concept of his acts which tended to be replaced regularly by a metaphysical notion of grace. This led to the reac¬tion of Protestant theology which has increasingly laid the em¬phasis upon the redemptive acts of God in Christ and in history, but here the high Reformation emphasis upon the acts of God in his being has suffered severe refraction within the Cartesian-¬Newtonian-Kantian dualism which resulted in the detachment of
4 Christ and Faith in History, ed. S. W. Sykes and J. P. Clayton (Cam¬bridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972), pp. 279ff.
The Church in the New Era of Change 769
the acts of God from his being and their present-day dissolution in the timeless events of the existentialists: the loss of ontology has proved quite fatal. Protestant scholasticism had certainly tried to save theology from all this by encasing the teaching of the Refor¬mation in the static concepts developed by the Newtonian outlook upon the universe, in a way not unlike Newton’s strange recasting of his own understanding of the universe in terms of differential law into the axiomatic mould of a geometry of the interrelations of rigid bodies independent of time: but all that is breaking up under the shift from the old cosmology of separated space and time. Now in our own day we see the rise of an Evangelical-Catholic theology in which the patristic understanding of the being of God in his acts and the Reformation understanding of the acts of God in his being are being thought together in such a way that there promises to arise out of it a profound but rather different kind of synthesis from that which arose out of the great mediaeval tradition. Owing not a little to the critical analysis of traditional concepts carried out in the scientific destruction of dualism, Christian theology is now more free and more open for positive reconstruction. The way ahead seems to lie in bringing that critical clarification to bear upon the pioneer work of Karl Barth in his conjunctive rethinking of the being of God in his acts and the acts of God in his being which has so far contributed more than anything else to the ad¬vance of theology in recent centuries.
(ii) The second outstanding feature to which I wish to draw your attention has also to do with Karl Barth, in his doctrine of the Holy Trinity, which has initiated a reversal of thought in the fundamen¬tal grammar of theology, carrying us back through Peter Lombard and John of Damascus, to the great Greek theology of the Early Church. St Augustine had certainly taught that the Trinity bears upon the basic structures of our knowledge of God in such a way that triadic patterns are implied in the human soul, which plays an essential role in our knowledge of God from the very start. But the inherent dualism in Augustinian thought, especially after the col¬lapse of the enlightenment theory of knowledge, tended to separate the knowing soul from the being of God, so that the mediaeval Church brought in Aristotelian modes of thought to help overcome the cleavage. Actually, however, the effect of that measure was to harden the cleavage while only half-overcoming it, so that, as we can see very clearly in the teaching of St Thomas Aquinas, the doctrine of the One God was cut off sharply from the doctrine of the Triune God, the former only being related to the epistemologi¬cal structure of the knowing mind. Moreover, that carried with it a ....