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The process of causing mutations by bombardment with radiation has been described by Hardin as follows :
Suppose ... you had a finely tuned racing car, and you stood ten paces from it and fired repeatedly with a shotgun : how likely is it that you would improve its performance ? It is extremely unlikely that we should in one short lifetime ... observe a new and good mutation that has never before occurred in any part of the world.9
This was the first part I reacted to.
We cannot compare natural mutations to radiation.
Natural mutations are taken to trial: They have to survive one more generation in order to "survive".
Thus a series of mutations surviving 100 generations, let's say a total of 200 000 mutations, will result in a healthier species than if we applied 200 000 mutations to 100 fertilized cells and let the grown-up products breed among themselves.
The number of mutations we have in most living creatures' systems today have proven to be better than a inerronous copying system and it is better than a higher amount of mutations.
So no one has ever been able to observe a "good" mutation. Despite this surprising lack of data, there is almost universal agreement that they do occur. In fact, their existence is needed in order for Natural Selection to be able to cause evolution. As Hardin writes :
... undesirable though mutation may be from a humane but shortsighted human point of view, it is.in the long run the primary creator of hereditary novelty on which the process of evolution depends.
And Cooke echoes this thought with the following :
This, then is how evolution has proceeded over billions of years, slowly selecting out good mutants that help strengthen a species, killing off the detrimental mutants which can't compete.
And Kendrew adds :
Ultimately, such a mutation (occasionally advantageous one) might be incorporated permanently into the books of life of that species. Such is the process of evolution.
This is true.
Can you see the 2000 mutations most every person has?
No-- most of them are hidden.
Only the worst mutations can be seen: Severe cases of cancer, syndromes (duplications of entire chromosomes; ie.: Down's Syndrome) et cetera.
Mutations that give us slightly better resistance to a specific disease or better process of thought are most impossible to detect -- yet these two features will help the mutated individual in surviving and mating.
(Though, we cannot expect humans to evolve very much, as we're not subjected to natural selection: Everyone can have as many kids as they want and we take care of the severely debilitated and their children. Humans are actually running a risk of devolving or becoming hive-minded.)
SUMMING UP
We have reviewed some of the major findings about evolution and about life. In this process we have learned some interesting facts :
1. Cells are the basic building block of life, are extremely complex, and are absolutely vital to all reproduction, including that of viruses;
2. Development of multicelled creatures from an initial egg cell is a process so complex as to be virtually unknowable;
3. The making of most of the organic materials needed by the cells is done within the cells themselves using "patterns" stored in the genes;
4. Conversion from the gene patterns, which are the physical sequence of their nucleotides (DNA sequence), is done according to the "Genetic Code", which is the same for all life forms;
5. Proteins made by the cell are unique to each type of life form, despite the fact that cells typically make thousands of different proteins;
6. Evolution takes place due to Natural Selection of forms that are better fit to survive, but needs to select from improved characteristics which come from mutation of the genes;
7. Mutations are copying errors which occur during gene replication, and are increased by radiation, chemicals and heat, but no one has ever proved the existence of a "good" mutation.
1- Agreed
2- Disagreed
3- Agreed, though I didn't like the wording
4- ...
5- False -- We have yet to map DNA from all creatures, and humans and chimpanzees share proteins. (Only humans and chimpanzees have complete genetical maps so far.)
And 20% of our proteins are identical.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1464121
We have also found identical genes in men and mice (as mice are beeing mapped):
http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc...serid=10&md5=05fc858a69f53c439d94a15a07a3c461
6- True -- but you make it sound so melancholical and fated...
7- Nothing is erronous -- the more fault-free copy-systems have been eaten by the evolving copy-systems...
So unless you call change error, mutations are not errors... it works exactly as it should; it causes improvement over time when subjected to natural selection.
A PROPOSAL
It is likely that the instructions in the genes of a cell are equivalent in complexity to a very large computer program containing millions of instructions. Previously, we talked about the fact that copying errors sometimes occur when genes are reproduced. But errors are also sometimes introduced when large programs are copied. The similarity of the two situations is so remarkable that it has suggested the following principal :
This is called data corruption...
And will in most cases invalidate and produce a memory leak, resulting in a program or computer-crash...
Sets of instructions with equivalent information content will have an equivalent likelihood of being improved by random change. --- Bob's Theorem
This is true, but the comparison is invalid:
Changing of the 4-number-system base pairs can cause improvements or cause deterimental effects, changing of binaries in computers will result in them breaking down: Computers have a limited amount of pre-defined numerical sequences that are valid, and all others are invalid.
Genes have no valid or invalid sequences; they only produce living or dead creatures, where the living will have a grand favor over the dead regarding natural selection.
Most changes in DNA go unnoticed, most* every change in a computer program will invalidate it.
*(This is true for the coding and scripting part: Changes in media-files are the exception. Changes in a music file may cause a ripping high-pitched sound or a clicking sound. Changes in a picture file may simply change one color to another, or cause the entire picture from the damaged bit and onward to be warped. In movie files copy-errors may lead to artifacts; unnatural shapes on the screen that shouldn't be there.)
Surely, a computer program that is clever enough to duplicate the process of human embryo development has to have an information content equivalent to that contained in the genes! And if it is so, then we could experiment on this program by changing its instructions at random to see if this would "improve" the developing embryo which the program is simulating. Realistically, the problem could be approached in easier stages. We could first test a simple program to see if random changes would improve its operation, and observe how many trials it would take to achieve it. Then we could try more complicated programs , finding out by actual experiment the relationship between program complexity and the number of trials needed. Perhaps the results could even be calculated using mathematical techniques. Either way, it should be possible to establish whether "good" mutations are possible, and thus answer the question whether copying errors can lead to "good" mutations.
You cannot change the code of a program, the program has a perfectly coded purpose that cannot be improved (Unless you improve it in one session), thus there cannot be any middle-ground and no generations like with life: You will need a program that simulate life, and change the parameters for how life is rendered in the program.
Which has been done -- the main problem beeing how the heck we simulate natural selection without a natural mean of selecting. Most often, we will have to settle with ants that start out moving forward, allowing them to produce behavior scripts that let them find food and change directions when they hit walls.
(Ie: We can only simulate single- or few-celled organisms due to the sheer amount of information. Should we have 100 000 ants or bacterea mutating and moving in a small screen with a full genetical map of 100 000 000 symbols? That's almost all of the world's home-computers...)
No matter what we program, the artificial creatures will evolve only using the programmed codes; they cannot make functioning new computer-codes like creatures can make new proteins... They have to add two pre-defined codes together.
It's not impossible to simulate single-celled intelligence -- but that won't allow for testing evolution...
CONCLUSION
We have pointed out the similarities between the operation of the cell and the operation of the computer, and showed how the information content of their similar sets of instructions could be the same. Bob's theorem was stated as the principle that sets of instructions of equal information content will have equal likelihoods of being "improved" by random change. And finally, we proposed that this likelihood be studied experimentally by using carefully selected computer programs as laboratory "guinea pigs".
Alas, the needed similatities are not there.
One is a liquid system; DNA -- the other is a concrete system.
-- Changes or additions in the liquid systems result in a different fluid --
-- Changes in concrete result in holes that only can be repaired by applying new cement --
Thus, the only way to use computers to simulate evolution is to make a program that make changes to an existing "object", and have criteria for what is best and a way of testing the object for likelyness to these criteria.
Though, it is almost fruitless to use tests such as these:
How in the hell are we to claim that evolution of computer-simulated objects are another evidence for evolution when the criteria are man-made and the program made to push objects toward these criteria?
Regardless of that problem, we would have to subject the "objects" to millions of "hazard-tests" simulating a life-span -- and without hundreds of thousands of individuals all mutating randomly, there wouldn't be any ground for calling it natural selection nor evolution.
The best way would be to have 100 000 computers running one program simulating one object with X mutations through a million *different* hazards, before the 80% best out of the surviving are spread to every computer at random...
Past experience would lead one to believe that it would prove fruitless to try to improve a computer program by making random changes to its instructions. But why should we guess at the answer? Why not do the experiments and find out for sure? Who dares take up the challenge?
That is true: You cannot change programs with randomness as they're already set to their ultimates -- or to a working state that is backed up by codes refering to other codes in so many ways that the changing of one 1 to 0 or one "A" to a "B" would invalidate it. When improving scripts it's most often best to rewrite them from the start.
I've programmed so many scripts that do not compile (have logical errors that prevent them from working if compiled to a program) -- and most often the errors are a capital letter or lack thereof, or an object that refers to another object where the name-tags are wrong -- or where the name-tags of codes refer to the wrong object or wrong type of object...
Let us make a simple comparison:
AT-- 16 bit from a mouse DNA coding a part of the red blood cell
AG-- 16 bit from human DNA coding a part of the red blood cell
TG-- 16 bit from squid DNA coding a part of the red blood cell
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 (example) -- 16 bit from a computer that works
0000 0000 0000 0100 0000 (example)-- 16 bit from a computer that doesn't work
0000 0100 0000 0100 0000 (example)-- 16 bit from a computer that doesn't work
1000 0000 0000 0100 0000 (example)-- 16 bit from a computer that doesn't work
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 (example)-- 16 bit from a computer that doesn't work
Nothing else than the one right code will work for computers, everything that doesn't kill the creature it builds will work for DNA.