Diverse points about St. Augustine
With all due respect, AMR, I simply must disagree with you regarding your interpretation of St. Augustine.
I did indeed have the quotation from "Against the Fundamental Epistle of Manichaeus," basically as you've quoted it, in mind: "I should not believe the Gospel unless the authority of the Catholic Church moved me to do so."
You try to restrict the sense of this to unbelievers: "As a non-believer, I should not not have believed the gospel and become a believer, unless the Church had proposed these things to me, on their authority, for probable assent."
You then go on to insist that St. Augustine's theory of illumination, i.e., that it is God's truth working on us inwardly which enables us to know things as true, implies that the authority of the Catholic Church, posterior to becoming a believer, is unnecessary for continued assent to the truths of the gospel.
There are problems with this:
You are neglecting the general context in which St. Augustine makes his claims about the authority of the Church, i.e., contrary to the manicheans. The aforementioned quote should be understood in light of what St. Augustine says in
De Utilitate Credendi.
There, St. Augustine makes it crystal clear that, with regard to all matters of truth which either 1. exceed our capacity to know or 2. appertain to unwitnessed contingent historical events, we must rely on faith, not on reason, in order to accept the truth of the things in question. Thus, I have faith that my mother is not lying to me when she claims that she gave birth to me on such and such a day.
Since the truths of the scriptures, and especially the truths of the New Testament, are precisely truths of this kind, we must rely on faith in an authority, not on our own natural capacities for knowing, in order to offer our assent to them.
It is for this reason that St. Augustine, both in
De Utilitate Credendi and elsewhere, lays special emphasis on apostolic succession, i.e., the unbroken succession of Catholic bishops: only this can give us grounds for faith in the truth of the claims in the gospel. Only if the current bishops of the Church are the successors of the successors of the successors[, etc.] of the apostles, who themselves were
eyewitnesses to the events in question and passed on what they saw, learned, etc. to their successors, and they to theirs, and so forth and so on, can we have probable grounds for assent to the truths that they offer for our belief. [Thus, I often say that I believe in the Catholic faith because the Catholic mass is roughly 2000 years old.]
This remains true at the moment of coming to belief and at every moment after. Should it be discovered that apostolic succession is false, then all of the truths of the Christian faith are immediately and irretrievably thrown into serious doubt. It would be a grave reason to retract one's faith, one's assent, even if that assent was previously given. The authority of the bishops, vis-a-vis their unbroken succession, is our ultimate reason, the
sine qua non, for believing
any of this stuff. [You, of course, make the claim that the reformers were right to split from the Church because of perceived errors; I'll answer, in turn, that such a notion is utterly anathema to all orthodox Christian belief prior to them; even the Orthodox would not say such things. If you get rid of apostolic succession, you get rid of any legitimate reasons for being a Christian at all.]
Furthermore, St. Augustine insists, it is this very authority (i.e., of the bishops of the Catholic Church) which both compels our probable assent
and ultimately must shape our understanding of what we have received from them.
The books of the gospels only can be understood properly when understood in light of the teaching of the bishops (contrary to the teachings of the manicheans, and, now, the protestants).
Just as one cannot understand the books of Aristotle properly without a teacher (i.e., a teacher of the peripatetic school), so too, one cannot understand the books of the scriptures properly apart from the teaching of the Catholic bishops. Thus, consider how, in the
Confessions, he only finally understood, e.g., the Old Testament, when he heard them explained to him by St. Ambrose.
Thus does St. Augustine make the following point against the Manicheans: "Manichean," says he, "you want me to accept the books of the scriptures on the authority of the Catholic Church, but then accept, not their, but your interpretation of them? But you must be joking!"
Against which, of course, you'll appeal to St. Augustine's theory of divine illumination. Against this, I'll answer that you are simply taking his comments out of context. He's simply not making these comments
a propos scriptural interpretation. To insist otherwise would be to take all of the sting out of his rhetoric against the Manicheans.