Many authors agree that the Inquisition was brought to bear against Galileo primarily due to the atmosphere in that time period of challenge to the authority of the church. A more adept politician might have avoided such a conflict, but Galileo overestimated the power of his fame and friendships ( even with the pope) and underestimated the power of his enemies, particularly the Jesuits. Galileo also made the mistake of attempting to show that scripture did not refute his teachings, thus directly challenging the authority of the church to interpret scripture. In addition, the simpleton character in Galileo's newly published Dialogue was widely understood to represent the pope, causing his former friend to become his enemy and setting the stage for his later interrogation, forced confession and recantation. The bible verses shown below were used by his opponents to argue that the scriptures teach that the earth is stationary and that the sun revolves around it.
A. Psalm 93:7 - The Lord reineth. He is clothed with majesty and strength. The world also is established that it cannot be moved. 4
B. Joshua 10:12-13 - ..."Sun, stand thou still at Gibeon, and thou moon in the valley of Ajalon". And the sun stood still and the moon stayed, until the nation took vengeance on their enemies. 2
C. Psalm 19:4-6 - In the heavens hath the Lord set a tabernacle for the sun. Which is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber. Rejoicing as a giant in running his course. His going forth is from the high heaven. And his circuit unto the ends of it. And there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. 4
D. Ecclesiastes 1:5 - The sun rises and sets and returns to his own place. 4
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Sources
1. Ronan, Colin A., Galileo, 1974, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York
2. Brodrick, James S.J., Galileo, The Man, His Work, His Misfortunes, 1964, Harper & Row
3. De Santillana, Giorgio, The Crime of Galileo, 1955, University of Chicago Press
4. Reston, James Jr., Galileo, A Life, 1994, Harper Collins