First part of my response to AMR's second response
First part of my response to AMR's second response
Notes:
1. AMR's original TULIP post is
here
2. My first response to AMR is located
here
3. AMR's first response to my first post is
here
4. AMR's second response to my first post is
here
5. My first response to AMR's first response is
here
Now, on to the first part of my response to AMR's second response.
I do not hold to the supralapsarian position. In other words, I am not what is often called, a hyper-Calvinist. Instead, I and the majority of the members of Reformed churches agree with the infralapsarian (“subsequent to the fall”) confessional view of God’s decrees:
1. To create the world for His glory
2. Allow man to fall into sin through his own self-determination
3. To elect some to salvation in Christ
4. To pass by and leave the non-elect to their just fate and punishment
Here we see election and condemnation pertain to man as sinner. God glorifies Himself through His creation, thus redemption serves the order of creation. Moreover, the infralapsarian position is one of passive reprobation and posits a much closer relationship between Christ and election.
Thanks for taking the time to explain the two different views of Calvinism. I see much similarity between my own view and the one you and the majority of Reformed Christians hold to (infralapsarian). We have more room for agreement than what I expected, since I thought that you held to the
supralapsarian view and indeed, my understanding of Calvinism was based only on this view.
Taking your four points above as a guide, I will reword each to better reflect my position and will also provide an brief explanation of my understanding of each point so that you can better appreciate where we agree and disagree.
1. The world was created for the glorification of God.
All creatures in so far as they mirror the divine perfections, glorify God by their mere existence. This is called Objective Glory, and is one of two distinctions that are made within External Glory, which is the name we give to the glorification of God made by creatures. The second distinction is called Formal Glory, and it is the one offered to God by creatures endowed with knowledge and will (humans) in actions such as prayer, obedience, sacrifice, devotion, etc.
A secondary purpose of the creation is the bestowal of good on creatures such as humans. This is a means by which God reveals his perfections, something which in turn lead to his glorification.
2. The transgression of the divine commandment made by of our first parents was a free act of sin.
That is to say, they were free to obey or disobey the divine commandment and were not inclined towards disobedience by God. They followed the advice of the devil out of their own will and so were rightly held responsible for their act. God foreknew that this would occur and had already preordained the means to redeem man and raise him from sin, this is attested to in Scripture (Genesis 3:15).
3. God has predestined certain men to eternal bliss.
The reality of predestination is clearly attested to in Scripture (Matthew 25:34, John 10:27-29, Acts 13:48, Romans 8:29-30, Romans 9:11-13, Ephesians 1:4-5) and is something that logically follows from God's exhaustive and infallible foreknowledge and the fact that all things are subject to divine providence.
God infallibly foresees and immutably preordains from eternity all future events, both those that will happen by necessity and those that will happen by contingency (such as the free actions of men). Thus, leaving out any sort of fatalism and keeping intact the free will of rational creatures, man is free wether he accepts God's grace and does good, or wether he rejects it and does evil.
God has preordained both the eternal happiness and the good works of the elect, born out of their free cooperation with his grace. Since God infallibly foreknows from eternity who the elect are, then from this it follows that the number of the elect is definite and is not subject to variation neither by additions nor deletions, for any uncertainty or variability on the number of the elect would be inconsistent with God's exhaustive and infallible foreknowledge.
Now, a person may be said to be predestined by God in three ways. First, he may be predestined to grace, and by this the person is moved to faith and the beginning of his salvation by the grace of God. Such a person is not predestined to glory but only comes to genuine faith for a while and then falls away, as Lord Jesus said:
"For many are called, but few are chosen." (Matthew 22:14). Second, a person may be predestined to grace and to glory, by this, the person is given by God the gift of the initial grace and the necessary graces that help this person persevere with his free cooperation to obtain salvation (Matthew 24:13, Romans 8:30). This person will infallibly obtain salvation given that the divine decree, since it is infallible, cannot fail. Third, a person may be predestined to glory alone, this may be someone who never heard about the faith and is invisibly ignorant of The Church.
Then there is the question of what is the basis of the predestination of the elect. Does God predestines certain men to eternal bliss in light of their foreseen merits or without taking their own merits into account? With regards to the first two ways mentioned above, namely, predestination to grace alone and predestination both to grace and to glory, these are done without consideration to any foreseen merits on the part of man. The reason for this is because the first grace, which is responsible for the beginning of faith and salvation, cannot be merited by man in any way and is a free gift from God. Likewise, like links in a chain all subsequent graces depend on this first grace, so any work done by the faithful by the further graces acquired apart from this first grace, depends on the first grace, which as was said, cannot be merited in anyway by man. With regards to the third way, predestination to glory alone, this may or may not occur on account of the foreseen merits of man.
The only uncertainty there is as far as the predestination of the elect goes is from our own perspective. We do not know wether or not we are among the elect. As long as we are on earth, some of the reprobates may be within The Church and some of the elect may be outside of her. So, there is no way for us to know, unless it be by supernatural revelation, wether we or anyone is among the elect. This uncertainty is indeed a good thing, since if we had the knowledge that we are not among the elect, we would despair, likewise, if we had the knowledge that we are among the elect it would beget negligence and pride on us. So, this uncertainty leads us to humbleness, and this is good in the eyes of God.
That is not to say that there can't be external signs that may indicate wether or not somebody is among the elect, but even this is uncertain, as that person may be predestined to grace only and not to glory. Now, it is clear that one of the elect would not reject The Church and much less hold her in contempt and would willfully embrace her if he had the means to do so. Since it is the same God that operates both on The Church and on the elect, then there can be no contradiction between the will of the elect, and the will of God that people follow the precepts of The Church in order to obtain salvation.
Why God predestines some and not others we cannot know. It is an unfathomable mystery, even to reason enlightened by faith. Besides, I think it is not prudent to be prying into the secrets of God's eternal election. Rather, we should aim to
"with fear and trembling work out our salvation" (Philippians 2:12), with the hope that the good that we do flows from God's own goodness, and our evil from our own falling.
4. God predestines certain men, in light of their foreseen sins, to eternal damnation.
Reprobation is as much a part of divine providence as predestination (Romans 9:22). There are two senses in which Reprobation may take place, the first is Conditioned Reprobation, and by this is meant that God predestines men to eternal damnation in light of their foreseen sins. The other sense is Unconditioned Reprobation, by which God predestines men to eternal damnation without consideration to any demerit on their part. This is what is referred to as the double predestination, and is the doctrine of the
supralapsarian Calvinists you mentioned in your post. Unconditioned Reprobation is to be rejected on the grounds that it contradicts the justice and holiness of God as well as the universality of the divine desire for salvation.
A Conditioned Reprobation however, by which God foresaw from eternity the future demerits of the impious and preordained their eternal punishment on account of their sins, is consistent both with Scripture and the divine perfections. The reprobate perish solely on account of their own wickedness. In contrast to predestination, by which God positively acts and cooperates with the creature in the works that lead them to eternal bliss, God merely permits creatures to fall into sin, and by this they are lead to eternal damnation.
The reason why God acts positively in one and not in the other is because, as I have said in previous posts, it is not within the capacity of fallen man to will or do any supernatural good apart from God's grace, but it is within his capacity to will and do what is sinful. So, the need for God's grace in order for the predestination of the elect to eternal bliss to obtain demands a positive involvement by God. Whereas the eternal damnation of the reprobate on account of their own sin does not necessitates a positive involvement by God, merely a passive involvement in the sense that he permits them to fall freely into sin, and as a consequence, to eternal damnation.
Lastly, the resolve of reprobation is as immutable and unchangeable as the resolve of predestination. Just as the number of the elect is certain, so too the number of the reprobate is certain and not subject to change.
...
Hopefully, this explanation which while it seems long is quite short in light of the subject that is being discussed, helps you better appreciate the similarities and differences of our positions. If you would like me to expand further on any particular point, let me know.
When you say a person may “reject” God’s call to righteousness in the context of Peter, I would argue that what we are seeing from the account is Peter’s weakness if faith, not a rejection of a call to salvation. Peter is clearly repentant afterwards, something only the elect would be when they sin. When Jesus is arrested we are told that all of Christ’s disciples deserted Him. This is not a behavior of the lost rejecting God’s call to righteousness, but the behavior of weak believers (except for the son of perdition, Judas).
In light of what I explained above, you can see here both, the predestination to grace alone (Judas) and predestination both to grace and to glory (St. Peter and other apostles).
Now, what you say may be true and I could agree with it. However, I wonder how this can make sense in light of the Calvinist doctrines of Irresistible Grace and Perseverance Of The Saints? How is it consistent with:
"dead men do not respond, God must make them alive first" and also with:
"the eternal security of the believer in the Lord Jesus Christ is demonstrated by the persevering faith and righteousness wrought by the grace of God in His little begotten ones." (
AMR's Previous Post)?
If this is indeed what happens, then how can there be room for weak faith or doubt among the elect? Surely, you don't think that Judas, who was called by Jesus in the same manner as the other apostles (or made alive by God if you will), didn't even for a moment had genuine faith and then fell away? Also, how are St. Peter's instances of denying and doubting Lord Jesus examples of
"persevering faith and righteousness", which as you say is evidence for the eternal security of the elect? Not to mention, his stubborn attitude that is demonstrated throughout the Gospels. I don't see how these tenets (Irresistible Grace and Perseverance Of The Saints) can accommodate such behavior.
It make more sense, in light of what we see in the Scripture, that some men are predestined to grace alone and while they can have faith for a moment, will nonetheless fall away and damn themselves to eternal damnation. It also makes sense to say that the elect can come to the faith and fall away, but that they will eventually return and obtain salvation. This seems to take better into account the free will of man and the need for their cooperation for their salvation.
It is also clear from the Scriptures telling us to deliver God’s word throughout the world, that this evangelization is the predestined means by which the decreed elect are to be regenerated, then come to faith. Otherwise, as you rightfully imply, why bother with missions, evangelization, etc.? Let’s simply wait for God to reach out a tap His elect on their shoulder. We don’t know who the elect are, and therefore we must heed Christ’s command to spread the gospel message to fulfill the means to the elect’s salvation.
We are in agreement here. While I believe in predestination and that the number of the elect is certain, as I said above, we do not know who the elect are but we know that God has commanded us to preach and that he has established an earthy means by which we are to be saved and by which all men must abide.
I will respond to the second part of your post (on Limited Atonement) in another post.
God Bless,
Evo